If you have been reading about PPARδ agonist and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2026-06-14. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Cardarine is a synthetic compound also known as GW501516, GW-501516, and sometimes endurobol. It was developed as a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not become a marketed human medicine. In regulatory and anti-doping contexts, it is treated as a prohibited substance rather than a licensed medicine.
The pharmacological interest in cardarine centers on PPARδ activation and its downstream effects on lipid handling and mitochondrial function. In animal studies, PPARδ agonists have been associated with changes in exercise endurance and fatty acid utilization, though results vary by model and protocol. Human data remain sparse, and the absence of large controlled trials limits conclusions about efficacy. Researchers often describe the compound as a tool for probing PPARδ biology rather than a proven therapeutic agent.
Cardarine is prohibited in competitive sport under the World Anti-Doping Agency code, where it is classified as a metabolic modulator. It is not approved as a prescription medicine in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Regulatory action has focused on its presence in sports and in products marketed as research chemicals. Because it has no accepted medical indication, supply is often unregulated. This status creates legal and safety uncertainties for anyone who encounters the substance.
Anti-doping laboratories detect GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be used in some programs. Detection depends on factors such as dose, timing, metabolism, and the sensitivity of the assay. Published methods describe limits of detection in the low nanogram per milliliter range for related compounds. Exact detection windows are not fixed for all situations and remain an area of ongoing study.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-501516, GW 501516, endurobol | Names vary in research and anti-doping documents. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic PPARδ agonist | Small-molecule nuclear receptor ligand. |
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Identifier commonly associated with GW501516. |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for purified research material. |
| Solubility | Low in water; soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Organic solvents are common for laboratory stock solutions. |
Cardarine has no approved therapeutic indication and is not marketed as a medicine. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists GW501516 as a prohibited substance at all times, covering both in-competition and out-of-competition periods. National laws vary: some countries treat it as an unapproved drug subject to import controls, while others have specific restrictions on sale for human consumption. It is often sold as a research chemical, a label that does not imply safety or legality. Enforcement actions have targeted online vendors and shipments.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and related metabolites using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be analyzed. The method targets the parent compound and phase I and phase II metabolites, which extend the detection window. Because the substance is prohibited at all times, athletes can be tested outside competition. Detection limits and windows depend on the assay, sample type, and individual metabolism.
GW501516 acts on PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that helps regulate fatty acid oxidation and energy homeostasis. In animal studies, activation of this receptor was associated with increased endurance and changes in lipid metabolism. Human trials examined effects on blood lipids and other metabolic markers, but the compound did not advance to approval. Rodent studies later reported tumors in multiple tissues at doses used in those experiments. Whether those findings translate to human risk remains uncertain, and the clinical relevance of the animal data is still debated.
Regulatory bodies treat GW501516 as a prohibited substance in competitive sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency added it to the prohibited list, and it falls under classes covering metabolic modulators and hormone-related agents. It is not approved by drug regulators for human use, and it is not a lawful dietary supplement. Products sold under the cardarine name may contain unlisted ingredients or different compounds. Because no approved product exists, quality and identity are not guaranteed by pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.
The most important isotope for nuclear power applications is uranium-235. It is used in the thermal reactor, and its concentration in natural uranium does not exceed 0.72%. This isotope strongly absorbs thermal neutrons releasing much energy. One fission act of 1 gram of 235U converts into about 1 MW·day. Of importance, is that 23592U emits more neutrons than it absorbs; upon reaching the critical mass, 23592U enters into a self-sustaining chain reaction. Typically, uranium nucleus is divided into two fragments with the release of 2–3 neutrons, for example:
== Function == The Hsp70 system interacts with extended peptide segments of proteins as well as partially folded proteins to cause aggregation of proteins in key pathways to downregulate activity. When not interacting with a substrate peptide, Hsp70 is usually in an ATP bound state. Hsp70 by itself is characterized by a very weak ATPase activity, such that spontaneous hydrolysis will not occur for many minutes. As newly synthesized proteins emerge from the ribosomes, the substrate binding domain of Hsp70 recognizes sequences of hydrophobic amino acid residues, and interacts with them. This spontaneous interaction is reversible, and in the ATP bound state Hsp70 may relatively freely bind and release peptides. However, the presence of a peptide in the binding domain stimulates the ATPase activity of Hsp70, increasing its normally slow rate of ATP hydrolysis. When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP the binding pocket of Hsp70 closes, tightly binding the now-trapped peptide chain. Further speeding ATP hydrolysis are the so-called J-domain cochaperones: primarily Hsp40 in eukaryotes, and DnaJ in prokaryotes. These cochaperones dramatically increase the ATPase activity of Hsp70 in the presence of interacting peptides.
Colombia returned to CONMEBOL competition at the 1957 South American Championship in Lima, a seven-team round-robin from which Bolivia and Paraguay had withdrawn, and finished fifth with four points from six matches under coach Pedro López. Heavy defeats to Argentina (2–8) on 13 March and Brazil (0–9) on 24 March left the side with ten goals scored and 25 conceded, but two victories provided encouragement. On 17 March, Carlos Arango scored in the 28th minute to beat reigning champions Uruguay 1–0 before 50,000 spectators at the Estadio Nacional, and the campaign closed on 1 April with a 4–1 win over Ecuador in which Delio Gamboa scored twice. Arango and Gamboa finished as Colombia's joint top scorers with three goals each, while goalkeeper Efraín Sánchez and defender Francisco Zuluaga started every match after the opening fixture.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Dorsopathies (720–724) == 720 Ankylosing spondylitis and other inflammatory spondylopathies 720.0 Ankylosing spondylitis 720.1 Spinal enthesopathy 720.2 Sacroiliitis 721 Spondylosis and allied disorders 721.0 Cervical spondylosis w/o myelopathy 721.1 Cervical spondylosis, w/myelopathy 721.2 Thoracic spondylosis w/o myelopathy 721.3 Lumbosacral spondylosis w/o myelopathy 721.4 Thoracic or lumbar spondylosis w/ myelopathy 721.5 Kissing spine 721.6 Ankylosing vertebral hyperostosis 721.7 Traumatic spondylopathy 722 Intervertebral disc disorders 722.0 Displacement cervical intervertebral disc 722.1 Lumbar disc displacement w/o myelopathy 722.2 Degeneration of intervertebral disc site unspecified 722.3 Schmorl's nodes 722.4 Degenerative disc disease, cervical 722.5 Degeneration of thoracic or lumbar intervertebral disc 722.51 Degenerative disc disease, thoracic 722.52 Degenerative disc disease, lumbar 722.6 Degeneration of intervertebral disc, site unspecified Degenerative disc disease 722.7 Intervertebral disc disorder with myelopathy 722.8 Postlaminectomy syndrome 723 Other disorders of cervical region 723.0 Spinal stenosis in cervical region 723.1 Cervicalgia 723.2 Cervicocranial syndrome 723.3 Cervicobrachial syndrome (diffuse) 723.4 Brachial neuritis or radiculitis nos 723.5 Torticollis unspecified 723.6 Panniculitis specified as affecting neck 723.7 Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament in cervical region 724 Other and unspecified disorders of back 724.0 Spinal stenosis, other than cervical 724.1 Pain in thoracic spine 724.2 Lumbago 724.3 Sciatica 724.4 Back pain w/ radiation, unspec. 724.5 Backache, unspecified 724.6 Disorders of sacrum 724.7 Disorders of coccyx 724.79 Coccygodynia 724.8 Other symptoms referable to back
Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present. Advances in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have since identified substantially more genomic loci linked to obesity susceptibility than were known in 2006, though the relative contribution of each remains an active area of research. People with two copies of the FTO gene (fat mass and obesity associated gene) have been found on average to weigh 3–4 kg more and have a 1.67-fold greater risk of obesity compared with those without the risk allele. The differences in BMI between people that are due to genetics varies depending on the population examined from 6% to 85%. Obesity is a major feature in several syndromes, such as Prader–Willi syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Cohen syndrome, and MOMO syndrome. (The term "non-syndromic obesity" is sometimes used to exclude these conditions.) In people with early-onset severe obesity (defined by an onset before 10 years of age and body mass index over three standard deviations above normal), 7% harbor a single point DNA mutation. Studies that have focused on inheritance patterns rather than on specific genes have found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were also obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. Different people exposed to the same environment have different risks of obesity due to their underlying genetics.
At the 5 March 1933 election, August Wilhelm was elected as a Nazi deputy to the German Reichstag from electoral constituency 4, Potsdam I, and he would retain this seat until the fall of the Nazi regime. On 23 July 1933, Prussian Minister President Hermann Göring also appointed him to the recently reconstituted Prussian State Council. August Wilhelm held these positions until the fall of the Nazi regime. However, after the passing of the Enabling Act of 1933 and the establishment of the dictatorship of the Third Reich, the party no longer needed the former prince, who had secretly hoped "that Hitler would one day hoist him or his son Alexander up to the vacant throne of the Kaiser". Thus, in spring 1934 he was denied direct access to Hitler and by the summer after the Night of the Long Knives found himself in the wilderness politically, but that did not reduce his adoration of Hitler. One visit took August Wilhelm to the Passau Hall of the Nibelungs (Nibelungenhalle). On 30 June 1939 he was made an SA-Obergruppenführer, the second-highest rank in the SA, but he made derogatory remarks about Joseph Goebbels in private, and so was denounced in 1942. From then on, he was completely sidelined and was banned from making public speeches. In early February 1945, in the company of the former Crown Princess Cecilie, August Wilhelm fled the approaching Red Army by going from Potsdam to Kronberg to take refuge with his aunt Princess Margaret of Prussia, a sister of his father.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is an investigational synthetic compound that acts as a PPARδ agonist. It is also known as GW501516 and has been studied mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine.
No. Cardarine is not a steroid hormone; it targets the nuclear receptor PPARδ. Its classification in anti-doping rules differs from anabolic steroids, though it remains prohibited in sport.
Early rodent studies reported tumor formation at multiple sites, which raised safety concerns. Sponsors stopped clinical development, and no approved human product exists.
Legal status varies by country, but cardarine is not approved as a medicine in major jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may not be lawful for human use. Buyers should check local laws and product labels carefully.