This is a working overview of PPARδ agonist, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2025-12-17. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Detection of GW501516 in biological samples generally relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is a common matrix in anti-doping analysis, while blood or plasma may be used in research settings. Sample preparation can involve enzymatic hydrolysis, protein precipitation, or solid-phase extraction before instrumental analysis. Because the compound undergoes metabolism, assays may target the parent molecule, one or more metabolites, or both. Detection windows are not fixed; they depend on factors such as dose, route, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Reference standards are required for accurate identification and quantification.
Handling and quality assessment of cardarine reference material follow general laboratory practices for poorly characterized compounds. It typically appears as a white to off-white powder and is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Storage recommendations usually specify a cool, dry, dark place, with long-term storage at low temperature and desiccation. Purity may be checked by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, while identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. No pharmacopeial monograph exists, so reported purity and stability depend on the supplier’s methods.
GW501516 acts as a selective agonist at PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in lipid handling and energy metabolism. Activation of PPARδ in preclinical models increases fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and exercise endurance in rodents. These effects have made the compound a subject of metabolic research and also a target for sport anti-doping rules. In humans, however, controlled studies are limited, and whether similar endurance or metabolic changes occur at tolerated exposures remains an open question. The receptor’s broad tissue distribution also means downstream effects may vary by organ and condition.
Quality assessment for cardarine samples usually combines identity, purity, and impurity testing. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry can confirm molecular structure, while high-performance liquid chromatography estimates purity. Certificates of analysis from testing laboratories may list these results, but they do not establish safety or legality. In the absence of approved manufacturing, products sold online may contain the wrong compound, variable amounts, or unlisted contaminants. Independent verification is therefore central to analytical work and to interpreting any reported biological activity.
Laboratory detection of GW501516 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The method can identify the parent compound or its metabolites in urine and blood after sample cleanup. Protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction, or enzymatic hydrolysis may precede analysis, depending on the matrix. Reference standards are required for accurate quantification and confirmation. Because the compound is not approved, testing often occurs in anti-doping, forensic, or research settings rather than routine clinical care. Results are reported with limits of detection and quantification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Visual description for typical solid reference material. |
| Solubility | Poorly soluble in water; soluble in DMSO | Solubility depends on solvent, purity, and form. |
| Storage | Cool, dry, protected from light | Long-term storage often uses low temperature and desiccant. |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and quantification in biological matrices. |
| Common synonyms | GW-501516; GW501516; endurobol | Naming varies among literature, vendors, and databases. |
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and related metabolites using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be analyzed. The method targets the parent compound and phase I and phase II metabolites, which extend the detection window. Because the substance is prohibited at all times, athletes can be tested outside competition. Detection limits and windows depend on the assay, sample type, and individual metabolism.
Cardarine is frequently described as a fat-burning or endurance-enhancing supplement, but these claims exceed the available evidence. The compound is not a hormone, steroid, or selective androgen receptor modulator. Research articles discuss it as a tool compound for studying PPARδ biology, while anti-doping literature focuses on its abuse and detection. Quality of unapproved products is uncertain, and independent analyses have found impurities or incorrect labeling. Open questions include whether human cancer risk resembles that seen in rodents and how often non-athletes use the substance.
The compound is typically described as a laboratory compound rather than a therapeutic product. Published reports have explored its role in lipid disorders, insulin sensitivity, and exercise metabolism, yet no major drug regulator has approved it for medical use. Commercial samples sold under the cardarine name may vary in purity and identity. Analytical confirmation is therefore necessary when the material is discussed in scientific or regulatory contexts. Its classification as a prohibited substance in sport further shapes how it is studied and reported.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound studied for its effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. It functions as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, or PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that influences gene expression. The molecule is not a steroid, nor is it a selective androgen receptor modulator. It is also known in research and sports literature as GW-501516 and endurobol. Early laboratory work examined its metabolic activity in cell cultures and animal models.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression related to fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. GW501516 binds to this receptor with high affinity and activates downstream signaling in skeletal muscle and other tissues. Animal studies reported increased endurance and altered fuel preference, but human data remain limited and inconsistent. The precise relationship between receptor activation and observed physiological changes is still an area of active investigation. Researchers have also examined whether the compound affects inflammation or cell proliferation. No approved therapeutic indication exists for cardarine.
In laboratory settings, cardarine is studied as a tool compound for probing PPARδ biology. Published experiments often use cell cultures, rodent models, or isolated tissues. Some investigations focus on metabolic effects, while others assess potential risks such as carcinogenicity observed in long-term animal studies. Because human trials are sparse, most knowledge comes from preclinical work and adverse event reports. Scientific literature frequently notes the gap between animal findings and human outcomes. The compound is not a dietary supplement and is not intended for human consumption.
Human trials of GW501516 were small and short in duration. They examined lipid levels, glucose handling, and other metabolic markers, but the programs were halted after the animal cancer findings. No approved therapeutic product exists, and published human data are insufficient for establishing long-term safety. Reports of use for athletic performance come mainly from non-clinical settings and cannot be verified through controlled trials. Independent testing of products sold as cardarine has found inconsistent purity and labeling.
Laboratory studies indicate that GW501516 activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. In rodent experiments, treated animals often showed increased endurance and reduced fat mass. These effects were observed under controlled conditions and do not establish safe or effective use in humans. The exact dose-response relationship in humans remains poorly characterized. Species differences in metabolism can affect how results translate across animals and people.
Candesartan besitzt in seiner chemischen Struktur einen Tetrazol-Ring und gehört damit zu jenen Sartanen, die potentiell durch Nitrosamin-Verunreinigungen betroffen sein können („Valsartan-Skandal“). Anfang Juli 2018 wurden Chargen gewisser Sartane, darunter neben Valsartan und anderen auch Candesartan, zurückgerufen, weil der Verdacht bestand, dass sie durch krebserregende Dialkylnitrosamine, u. a N-Nitrosodimethylamin (NDMA), verunreinigt waren. Die Rückrufaktion löste international ein erhebliches Medienecho aus und führte zum Teil zum ersatzlosen Absetzen der Medikamente.
== Umweltrelevanz == Wie mehrere andere Sartane zersetzt sich Candesartan unter Bildung der sehr persistenten und sehr mobilen Valsartansäure. Sie stellt ein Problem für die Trinkwassergewinnung dar, da sie sich bei der konventionellen Abwasserbehandlung nicht zersetzt und sich so in Gewässern und im Grundwasser bis zum Gesundheitlichen Orientierungswert (GOW im Trinkwasser = 0,3 μg/L) anreichert. Selbst bei einer Behandlung mittels der sogenannten vierten Reinigungsstufe werden bei Ozonverfahren nur bis zu 39 und mittels Aktivkohle bis zu 43 % eliminiert. Candesartan ist eine der Leitchemikalien der Schweizer Kontrollliste für die Einschätzung der Klärleistung in der vierten Reinigungsstufe.
== Literatur == Europäisches Arzneibuch. 10. Ausgabe. Grundwerk 2020, Band 3. Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, S. 3111. Holger Projahn, Jörg Peters: Candesartancilexetil. In: Wolfgang Blaschek et al. (Hrsg.): Hagers Enzyklopädie der Arzneistoffe und Drogen. 6. Auflage. Band 3. S. 655–660, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8047-2384-9. Axel Kleemann, Jürgen Engel, Bernhard Kutscher, Dietmar Reichert: Pharmaceutical Substances. 5. Auflage. Thieme, Stuttgart / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-13-558405-8, S. 212–214. Janos Fischer, C. Robin Ganellin (Hrsg.): Analogue-Based Drug Discovery. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2006, ISBN 3-527-31257-9, S. 471.
Cannabidiol (CBD) ist ein Phyto-Cannabinoid aus dem weiblichen Hanf (Cannabis), das 1940 entdeckt wurde. Es ist neben Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) eines von 113 identifizierten Cannabinoiden in der Cannabispflanze und macht bis zu 40 % des Pflanzenextrakts aus. Es sind entkrampfende, entzündungshemmende, angstlösende und gegen Übelkeit gerichtete Wirkungen beschrieben. Weitere pharmakologische Effekte wie eine antipsychotische Wirkung werden erforscht. Eine Zulassung als Arzneimittel besteht für CBD in Deutschland mit Stand April 2022 ausschließlich als Zusatztherapie für Krampfanfälle bei bestimmten seltenen Epilepsieerkrankungen (Handelsname Epidyolex) sowie als Bestandteil des Hanfextrakts Nabiximols als Spasmolytikum bei multipler Sklerose.
Sources: de.wikipedia.org
Cardarine targets PPARδ, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and energy metabolism. It does not bind the androgen receptor in the way SARMs do.
Most methods use liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is common in anti-doping testing, and blood or plasma may be used in research.
Typical guidance is cool, dry, dark storage, often at low temperature and with desiccant. Stability data are limited, so storage conditions should be verified for each batch or supplier.
LC-MS/MS is common, often after sample cleanup. The assay targets GW501516 or its metabolites.